For MS stars and those with abundance index 1 or 2, the same TiO band strength criteria as for M stars can be applied.
2.
Some of these features are used to determine the luminosity class, for example certain near-infrared cyanogen band strengths and the Ca II triplet.
3.
Depending on the polespear's attributes such as mass, drag, band strength, band stretch, etc ., the penetrating range can be from a scant few inches to several feet.